PARTS OF MICROSCOPE

LIGHT MICROSCOPE 

This is a light microscope and we will discuss the part of microscope and its functions which are nearly common in light and optical microscope.the names of the parts of a microscope are given bellow

1. Eyepiece lens
2. resolving nosepiece or turret or nosepiece
3. Objective lenses
4. Stage clips 
5. Stage
6. Diaphragm or iris
7. Illumination system
8. Base
9. Arm
10. Condenser lens
11. Coarse focus 
12. Fine Focus

• Eyepiece lens:-

The lens at the top you look  through ( usually X10 or X15 magnification)

• Nosepiece:-

hold two or more objective lenses and can be turned easily to change magnification.

• Objective lens:-

Usually 3 or 4 different magnification.

• Stage clips:-

These are present on the stage and used to hold the slide with specimen on the stage.

• Stage:-

The flat piece where you place your slides. 

• Diaphragm:-

Diaphragm is also known as the iris. It use to varies the amount of light that falls on the slide.

• Illumination system:-

Mirror or light that focuses light onto the specimen.

• Base:-

Base is a part of the microscope which hold the whole structure of the microscope and help to maintain its position when placed during its use.

• Arm:-

Support the tube and connect it to the base.

• Condenser lens:-

Focuses light onto the specimen.

• Coarse focus:-

Moves the objective lens a long way quickly.

• Fine focus:-

Makes fine adjustments to the focus.

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

The Hubble space telescope:-

Since the earliest days of astronomy , astronomers have shared a common dream to see further and deeper into outer space, the Hubble telescope launched in 1990’s helped bring this dream closer to reality. It is the world most power full telescope, the earth’s atmosphere distorts and blocks sunlight from reaching our planet. 

Hence, the Hubble space telescope is positioned about 600 km’s above the earth’s surface. It has provided views of the universe which are far more superior than ground-based telescopes.

The Hubble telescope has captured some of the most breathtaking images of the universe man has ever seen. It also helped to discover the most distant galaxy in the universe. This galaxy is as far as 13 billion light years from earth. (A light year is the distance that light can travel in a year at the speed of light, which is 300,000 km per second.)

The Hubble space telescope can captured images of thousands of sparkling stars in milky way galaxy. It also captured image of Jupiter’s moon and its shadow. It also got images of whirlpool galaxy located at 31 million light years from the earth.

HOW ORGANISMS ALIVE IN COLD CONDITIONS?

  Frozen but alive!

The common wood frog may look small and ordinary, but it has an amazing ability. It can withstand temperatures below the freezing point of water. In every cold weather, it freezes to become a frog-shaped ice cube.

This unique ability allow the common wood frog to live in harsh climate such as those found in Arctic Circle.

During the freezing process, about 65% of the water of the frog body freezes. The rest remains in the liquid state. Glucose , a sugar produce in the frog’s body, lowers the freezing point of its body tissues. This prevents the formation of ice in its body so that frog can stay alive.

When the weather gets warmer the frog simply thaws out!

Scientists have been studying the common wood frog. They hope that this might help them to keep human organs donated for transplant, such as the heart, in good condition for a longer period of time. Currently , the human organs can only be kept for a few hours if these donated organs can be kept in good condition for longer time, many more lives can be saved.

HUMAN BODY IS ALSO A HABITAT

The human habitat:-

Some habitats are so improbable that it is amazing  to find that organisms actually live there. Did you know that the human body is a habitat too?

Our stomach is an acidic environment that is home to a few types of bacteria. The bacteria have a tough outer layer that protects them from acid in our stomach. They help us to digest food and kill other harmful  bacteria that may enter the stomach.

Human skin especially on the face is a habitat for some mites, ticks, bacteria and fungi. The mites are less than in hundredth of the centimeter long. The have tiny claws to cling onto the skin and needle-like mouth to feed on skin cells. Like the bacteria in our stomach the bacteria on our skin also kill other harmful bacteria and viruses, helping to keep us free from diseases.

Our naked eye can not see them that there are mites even on our eyelashes!

FACTORS OF A HABITAT

What are the environmental factors of a habitat?

In every habitat there are factors that affect the survival and health of the organisms living in it.

The living factors including the availabity of food and the presence of other organisms.

The non-living or physical factors including temperature, water, light, air and soil.  

Temperature:-

The temperature of an environment is a measure of how hot or cold it is.

If the temperature is too high, plants and animals may lose too much water. If the temperature is too low, they may die from extreme cold or lack of water because any water present may freeze up.

However, some organisms can live in very hot or very cold environments.

The cactus stores water in its stem. Its needle –like leaves prevent it from losing too much water in desert heat.

The polar bear has layers of fat and fur. They help to keep the polar bears warm in cold weather.

Water:-

Organisms need water to survive. The amount of water in a habitat depends on how much it rains.

Some habitats get their water from ponds and rivers. Some organisms, such as frogs, need a lot of water to survive. Some organisms, such ad fishes, live in water. Some organisms, such as the cactus can survive with little water. Animals need to drink water to survive. The brown bear lives close to water where it can find fish to eat.

Light:-

Plants need to sunlight to make its food. The amount of sunlight in a habitat can determine the types of plants that live there. This will in turn affect the type of food found in a habitat. Most animals

Need light to move around to find food. However, some animal, such as bats and worms, can live in total darkness.

The sunflower grows well in places with lots of sunlight.

Earthworms avoid sunlight because the sun will dry them up and they may die.

Air:-

Air is important to carry out life processes. Plant need carbon dioxide to make food. Plants and animals need oxygen for respiration. In water habitat, the plants and animals get oxygen and carbon dioxide from air dissolved in water. In high altitude places, such as the mountains , there is less oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air, so fewer organisms  can live there.

Fishes get oxygen from water.

Soil:-

Soil is important for plant growth and to the animals that live in them. Plants get their water and nutrients from the soil. Different plants need different types of soil to survive. The type of soil also determine the types of animals that can live in them. For example, earthworms live in garden soil which is loose enough for them to burrow through.

Sandy soil contains large air spaces and cannot hold much water. The cactus can live in sandy soil.

Clayey soil has small air spaces and can hold a lot of water. Mangroves tree can live here because their aerial roots enable them to take in oxygen from the air.

Availability of food:-

Plants can make their own food, but animals have to find their food. Many animals demand on plants for food. Some animals eat other animals as a food. Animals also have to compete with one another for food. If some animals cannot get food from a habitat, they cannot live there.

Many animals such as seagulls, compete with one another for food.

Other organisms:-

The presence of other organisms in a habitat can affect the survival of a population. Some organisms depend on one another. For example, trees provide food and shelter for some forest animals. In turn the animals that feed on the fruits of the trees help to disperse the seeds to other places.

Trees and the animals that live in them may depend on one another.

WHAT IS A HABITAT

What is a habitat?

Living things in a place are known as Organisms.

The place where an organism live known as habitat.

A habitat provides organisms with every thing they need to survive, such as food and water. It os also a place for them to live and reproduce.

Organisms seldom live alone. There are usually others of the some kind nearby.

A population is a group of organisms of the same kind that  live together. They reproduce in the same place.

Different populations of plants and animals in a habitat form a community. The organisms within a community interact with one another and the non-living things around them.

For example grassland habitat has populations of different animals and plants that live here make up a community.

There are different types of habitats in the world. They can be huge, such as a desert, or small such as a pond. In each of these habitats, there is a variety of plants and animals.

The ocean has the greatest proportion of all life on Earth. This enormous habitat is about 300 times the size of all other habitats on earth put together.

The ocean is home to many interesting plants and animals.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HABITATS

Garden habitat:-

A garden habitat usually  exist in warm conditions and contain a varity of organisms. The trees and bushes in the garden provide food , shelter and shade for the animals.

The organisms live in garden habitat they live on the trees, bushes or the ground below.

Organisms live in the garden habitat:-

• Myanh,
•  Butterfly,
•  Grasshopper,
•  Bee,
•  Fern,
•  Hilbiscus etc.

Seashore habitat:-

Many animals at the seashorecan be found among the rocks, in the sand or underwater. The waves bring in food for some of the animal. Other animals, such as the seagull, go to the seashore to get their food. This habitat can be dry or submerged in water at different times.

Many animals like at the seashore can survive both on land and in water.

Some examples of seashore are seagull,

•  clam,
•  hermit crab,
•  starfish,
•  algae,
•  seaweed etc.

 

Mangrove habitat:-

The mangrove habitat is usually hot  and covered in seawater.

The mangrove trees, with their aerial roots , provide food and shelter for many organisms in this habitat.

• Sea snake,
•  Mudskipper,
•  Egret,
•  Monkey,
• Fiddler crab,
•  Alligator etc.
• Desert habitat:-
• A desert is a sandy and ricky place that receives so little rain that most plants cannot survive in it. It is very hot during the day but gets very cold at night.
• The desert is very hot and dry during day time.
•  
• Horned lizard,
•  scorpion,
•  cactus ,
• rattlesnake,
•  camel,
•  drug beetle etc.

Arctic habitat:-

The arctic is extremely cold, snowy windy. However, there are organisms that can survive these harsh conditions.

The soil in the arctic is mostly covered with snow or small plants.

• Snow owl,
•  salmon,
•  Polar bear,
•  Arctic fox,
•  Walrus
•  and Lichen etc.

Leaf liter habitat:-

A habitat that occupy a small area is called a microhabitat.

A leaf litter habitat is an example of a microhabitat. It is made up of dead plant materials such as leaves, bark and small branches that have fallen to the ground. It is usually cool, dark and damp.

Some small animals, fungi and plants can be found in the leaf litter habitat.

For example:-

• Centipede,
• Fungi,
• Milipede,
• Scropion,
• Woodlouse, and Earthworm.

HABITAT

HABITAT:-

Habitat is a place where any organism is live.

We can also define the habitat as the address of an

 organism is known as habitat of an organism.

There are different types of habitat:-

• Pond habitat
• Field habitat
• Garden habitat
• Seashore habitat
• Mangrove habitat
• Desert habitat
• Arctic habitat
• Leaf litter habitat

These are the different habitats due to different factors both living and non-living factors determine the habitat and each habitat support the different life. For example pond habitat has different life(plants and animals/flora and fana) from field habitat.The life of each habitat is different from other.Field habitat:-
A field may look like a habitat, but it is actually home to many types of plants and animals! Some animals can be found among the plants, some on the ground and some in the soil.The field is normally look like that it has no any organism but in reality the field is the home of many different organisms.Amazing fact about the field organisms:-There is a difficulty face during organisms searching. This is due to that these animals have ways to hide among the plants! They can blend in with their surrounding to escape danger or to help them catch their food.For example to see the grasshopper in the field habitat is difficult because it blends well with the colour of the leaf.

Some examples of field habitat organisms:-

Bee, Spider, Snake, Termite, Earthworm etc.Pond Habitat:-

The pond habitat includes a small land area outside the edge of the pond. Many organisms live in or near the pond. The pond is home and source of food and water for organisms. Some organism depend on plants that grow in or near the pond for food and shelter.

The pond is the home of many organisms, such as amphibians and insects, in and around the pond.

Examples of pond habitat organisms:-
Frog, Water lily, Fish, Pond skater, Duck, Water hyacinth etc.